Despite Mongol invasions and development of powerful competing National groups, the Muslim world continued to expand. Currency and coins were equally diverse.
Early Mamluk gold coinage did not observe a standard weight, though later the ashrafi and the Ottoman sultani followed the weight of the Venetian ducat, which at a fairly standard 3.45 gms was Europe's main gold trading coin.
The profitable trading within the Gulf including the export of pearls, brought in gold and silver coins struck by the Sultans and Mughal rulers of northern India, especially their gold muhurs.
Towards the end of this period more and more European coins appeared. Chief among them were the Spanish silver and reales weighing around 28.00 gms.
- Mamluk
Arab Sasanian - drachm
al Hajjaj b. Yusuf
BISH = Bishapur Ummayad - dirham
'Umar b. 'Abd al-aziz
Dimashq
- Ottoman
Abbadid 1st Period - dirham
al-Rashid
al Rafiqa Abbadid 1st Period - dirham
al-Hadi heir Harun
al Haruniya
- IlKhan, Safawid and Timurid
Ikshidid - dinar
abu'l - Qasim Unujur
Misr Samanid - dirham
Ismail b. Ahmad
al- Shash
- Bengal Sultanate and Mughal
Buwayid - dirham
Mu'izz al - dawla heir 'Izz al-dawla
al Basra Rassid - dinar
al Hadi ila - 'l - Haqq
Sa'dary
- Colonial Coinage
Ayyubid - dinar
al - Kamil Muhammad
al - Qahira Lu'lu'id - dinar
badr al - din L'ulu
al Mawsil